Tonight

The earliest sunset comes before the winter solstice

Map of U.S. and Canada with 10 parallel curved lines of latitude across it labeled with dates and times.
View larger. | The shortest day is at the solstice. In 2023, that’s December 21-22. But you might be surprised to learn that the earliest sunsets come days or weeks before the solstice. This map shows the number of days between earliest sunset and latest sunrise for various latitudes. And it shows the dates of these events. When is your earliest sunset? The dates hold true for these latitudes around the globe. Map via Brian Brettschneider (@Climatologist49 on Twitter, or via Brian B.’s Climate Blog). Used with permission.

Earliest sunset isn’t on the shortest day

Have you noticed your sunsets coming later now? That’s true for many of us, even though the December solstice is still more than a week away. For the mid-northern U.S. and similar latitudes – around 40 degrees north latitude – the earliest sunsets of the year came around December 8. That would be the latitude of New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Kansas City, Missouri; Denver, Colorado; Reno, Nevada; Beijing, China; Madrid, Spain; and Naples, Italy.

For more southerly latitudes – say around 30 degrees north latitude – the earliest sunsets of the year came in late November and early December.

And what about the Southern Hemisphere? At this same time, the year’s earliest sunrises have happened or are happening, as you progress toward your longest day at the December solstice.

Then, closer to the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, the earliest sunset and earliest sunrise happen nearer the solstice.

Want to know the date of your earliest sunset (or sunrise)? Sunrise-sunset.org provides the sunrise/sunset times to the second for locations around the globe.

The exact date of the Northern Hemisphere’s earliest sunset and the Southern Hemisphere’s earliest sunrise varies by latitude.

But at temperate latitudes, both of these annual hallmarks in our sky come a few to several weeks before the December solstice, not at the solstice as you might expect.

Available now! 2024 EarthSky lunar calendar. A unique and beautiful poster-sized calendar showing phases of the moon every night of the year! And it makes a great gift.

Complicated graph showing earliest sunset, latest sunrise by latitude, across the globe.
View larger. | Dates of latest sunrise and earliest sunset by latitude. Chart via Brian Brettschneider (@Climatologist49 on Twitter, or via Brian B.’s Climate Blog). Used with permission.

Why?

The next solstice in 2023 comes at 3:27 UTC on December 22 and marks an unofficial beginning for winter in the Northern Hemisphere. So for the Northern Hemisphere, this upcoming solstice brings the shortest day and longest night of the year. Then why isn’t the earliest sunset on the year’s shortest day?

Basically, it’s because of the discrepancy between the clock and the sun. A clock ticks off exactly 24 hours from one noon to the next. But an actual day – as measured by the spin of the Earth, from what is called one solar noon to the next – rarely equals 24 hours exactly.

Also, solar noon is simply called midday, because it refers to that instant when the sun reaches its highest point for the day. Thus, in the month of December, the time period from one solar noon to the next is actually half a minute longer than 24 hours. For example, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 7 the sun reaches its noontime position at 11:52 a.m. local standard time. Then, two weeks later – on the winter solstice – the sun will reach its noontime position around 11:58 a.m. So that’s six minutes later than on December 7.

Visit Sunrise Sunset Calendars to know the clock time for sunrise, solar noon and sunset plus day length in your part of the world, remembering to check the solar noon and day length boxes.

Another key point is that the later clock time for solar noon means a later clock time for sunrise and sunset. This can be seen in the table below.

For Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Date Sunrise Solar Noon (Midday) Sunset Daylight Hours
December 7 7:08 a.m. 11:52 a.m. 4:35 p.m. 9 hours 27 minutes
December 21 7:19 a.m. 11:58 a.m. 4:38 p.m. 9 hours 20 minutes

Latest sunrise and earliest sunset aren’t on the solstice

As you might have guessed, the latest sunrises aren’t on the day of the solstice either. For middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the latest sunrises come in early January.

Although there’s variation in the exact dates, the sequence is always the same for both hemispheres. First, earliest sunset before the winter solstice, the winter solstice itself, latest sunrise after the winter solstice. Then, half a year later, earliest sunrise before the summer solstice, the summer solstice itself, latest sunset.

So by all means, check out the earliest and latest sunsets and sunrises in your area. They are always lovely and happen around every solstice.

Sunsets from the EarthSky Community

Sunset with streaky horizontal orange clouds and palm tree in foreground.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Laurie Engelhardt of Hermosa Beach, California, captured this image on December 3, 2023, and wrote: “Lovely sunset gracing my sky.” Thank you, Laurie!
Tall, pointy rock formations with large pine tree in front of a pink sunset sky.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Debra W of Cibolo, Texas, captured this early sunset on December 6, 2023 and wrote: “Another wonderful sunset above an enclosure at the San Antonio Zoo.” Thank you, Debra!
Golden sunset with white clouds reflected in body of water.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Mimi Ditchie of Avila Beach, California, captured this image on October 31, 2023, as she was walking along the beach at sunset. Thank you, Mimi!

Bottom line: The solstice comes on December 22, 2023, at 3:27 UTC. Does that coincide with the earliest sunsets? It depends on where you live. The earliest sunsets at mid-northern latitudes happen weeks before the solstice. By comparison, latitudes closer to the equator have their earliest sunsets in late November, or earlier in December. And then latitudes closer to the Arctic Circle will have their earliest sunsets closer to the December solstice.

Solstice tale of two cities: New York, New York, and St. Augustine, Florida

EarthSky’s monthly night sky guide: Visible planets and more

Posted 
December 12, 2023
 in 
Tonight

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Bruce McClure

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