A new study of ancient zircon crystals found in South Africa and other locations shows that plate tectonics on Earth began about 3.8 billion years ago.
During the Venus and Jupiter conjunction, the two planets will appear only 1/2 degree or less apart just before sunrise. You can also spot Mars and Saturn.
Deborah Byrd, founder of EarthSky, will be giving a talk at the Texas Star Party on April 28, 2022. It will livestreamed on Facebook and available on YouTube.
Europa's odd ridges may form similarly to those in Greenland. The ridges occur over subsurface pockets of potentially habitable water in the moon's ice shell.