Astronomy Essentials

2024 Ursid meteor shower: All you need to know

Ursid meteor shower: Chart with Big and Little Dippers and radial arrows from Little Dipper's bowl. Big Dipper look like a question mark and Little Dipper like an axe.
The Ursid meteor shower radiates from the constellation Ursa Minor, the Lesser Bear, aka the Little Dipper. Chart via Chelynne Campion/ EarthSky.

This low-key meteor shower – which always peaks around the solstice – is somewhat overlooked due to the holiday season. Its hourly rate is lower than that of the Geminid shower, which peaks over a week before. The last quarter moon may interfere in 2024 – but if you block out the moon – the Ursids are worth a look!

Predicted peak: is predicted** for December 22, 2024, at 5:22 UTC.
When to watch: Watch for Ursid meteors in the early morning hours of December 22.
Duration of shower: Ursids range from December 13 to 24, so you might see some intermingling with the Geminids’ peak.
Radiant: Circumpolar at northerly latitudes.
Nearest moon phase: A last quarter moon occurs at 22:18 UTC on December 22. So the moon – at 54% illumination – may interfere with the Ursids after midnight until dawn. Try to block out the moon after it rises around midnight.
Expected meteors at peak, under ideal conditions: Under a dark sky with no moon, the Ursids offer perhaps five to 10 meteors per hour.
Note: This low-key meteor shower – which always peaks around the solstice – is somewhat overlooked due to the holiday season. Its hourly rate is lower than that of the popular Geminid shower, which peaks over a week before.

Read more: Ursid meteors peak around December solstice

Chart with Big and Little Dippers and radial arrows from Little Dipper's bowl.
The Ursids are named for their radiant point in the constellation Ursa Minor, which contains the Little Dipper. And the Little Dipper contains the North Pole. So for the Northern Hemisphere, the radiant is above the horizon all night long. Chart via Chelynne Campion/ EarthSky.

Report a fireball (very bright meteor) to the American Meteor Society: it’s fun and easy!

The Ursids’ parent comet

From the late, great Don Machholz (1952-2022), who discovered 12 comets …

8P/Tuttle is the comet responsible for the Ursids meteor shower. Pierre Mechain discovered it on January 9, 1790, from Paris, France. Mechain, an associate of Charles Messier, discovered seven comets that bear his name. But he also discovered two more comets that do not. One, later named Comet Encke after Johann Encke, who calculated its orbit, is responsible for the Southern Taurids meteor shower in early November. The other comet Mechain found that does not bear his name is this one, 8P/Tuttle.

The 1790 appearance of this comet provided an approximate orbit, calculated by Mechain. There were not enough data points to indicate the comet would ever return. But it did. 68 years later, on January 5, 1858, Horace Tuttle of Harvard University College picked it up in the evening sky. It was observed for several months and an orbit was calculated with it returning in 13.7 years. Tuttle linked it to the comet discovered by Mechain in 1790, and it became known as periodic Comet Tuttle. The reason it is not called periodic Comet Mechain-Tuttle, is that it was not recognized as a periodic comet from Mechain’s orbit. So, with the new naming procedures that took effect in 1995, the official name of this comet is 8P/Tuttle.

Comet 8P/Tuttle gets as close to the sun as does the planet earth, then goes out as far as the orbit of Saturn. Its path is tilted to the earth’s orbit, and we intercept the material as it descends from above our orbit. The comet last visited the inner solar system in August 2021.

The meteor shower outbursts are unrelated to the years when the comet visits the inner solar system. That is because the stream of material from the comet creates its own path, and lags behind the comet. In 2007, when the comet visited the inner solar system, there was great anticipation of a shower outburst that December. But none transpired. And it is not unusual for the meteor shower outbursts to occur when the comet is far from Earth.

Watching the Ursid meteor shower in 2024

The annual Ursid meteor shower runs from about December 13 to 24 every year. It always peaks around the December solstice, which, in 2024, comes at 9:21 UTC on December 21. The Ursids’ peak on the morning of December 22. Here’s what to watch for.

Generally, the Ursids are a low-key affair, offering perhaps as many as five to 10 meteors per hour in a dark sky with no moon. In rare instances, bursts of 100 or more meteors per hour have been observed. Those Ursid bursts keep Northern Hemisphere meteor-watchers interested in this shower, despite their peak during the cold of winter.

If you want to try watching the Ursids in 2024, a country location is best. Dress warmly! Bring a sleeping bag. The last quarter moon will be shining in the sky, but try to block it out with a building or vehicle. And plan to spend several hours reclining under a starry sky, beginning around the wee morning hours of December 22. Will you see some? We sure hope so!

Sky chart linking the Big Dipper to the Little Dipper with an arrow, with labeled stars.
Ursid meteors radiate from near the star Kochab in the Little Dipper. The star Polaris is also part of the Little Dipper. Can’t find the Little Dipper? Use the Big Dipper! No matter what time of the year you look, the 2 outer stars in the Big Dipper’s bowl always point to Polaris, which marks the end of the handle of the Little Dipper.

Ursid meteor shower radiant point

The chart above shows the Big and Little Dipper asterisms – in the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor – for which the Ursid meteor shower is named.

As you may know, all meteors in annual showers have radiant points; the showers typically take their names from the constellations in which their radiant lies. If you trace the paths of the slow-moving Ursid meteors backward, they appear to come from the section of sky marked by the Little Dipper star Kochab.

If you look from a Northern Hemisphere location around the time of the solstice, you’ll find the Big Dipper and the star Kochab well up in the north-northeast at around 1 a.m. your local time. That’s about the time of night you’ll want to start watching this meteor shower.

From far-northerly latitudes (for example, in Canada), the Little Dipper is circumpolar (up all night). From there, you’ll find the star Kochab below Polaris, the North Star, at nightfall. Kochab (and all the Little Dipper stars) circle Polaris in a counterclockwise direction throughout the night, with this star reaching its high point for the night in the hours before dawn.

Do you love stargazing? Order your EarthSky Planisphere today!

Small, old church in isolated location, dark sky, with a bright meteor streaking through the scene.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | William Mathe captured this image on December 20, 2019, in Lindon, Colorado. He wrote: “My wife and I made a 100-mile [160 km] jaunt out into the eastern plains to try to capture 1 or more meteors from the Ursid meteor shower. We took this image facing due north. As you can see, just to the right of the little white church is Ursa Major pointing up to Polaris, and just to the left is a green ‘fireball’ meteor that lit up the sky for 1 second or 2.” Thank you, William!

Ursid meteor shower history

If you decide to watch it, you might enjoy knowing that the Ursids are a relatively new meteor shower. Some meteor showers, such as the Perseids in August, have occurred each year at the same time for many centuries. But around the turn of the 20th century, a skywatcher noticed that some meteors seen around this time of year weren’t random in their direction of motion across our sky’s dome. Instead, they appeared to radiate from near the star Kochab in the bowl of the Little Dipper asterism.

As the years of the 20th century passed, careful observers looked for, and observed, occasional Ursid outbursts.

Although people have observed the Ursid meteor shower for just over a century – and rates are typically around 5-10 meteors per hour – the Ursids have gained popularity in recent years because of these possible outbursts.

Bursts of about 100 meteors per hour happened in 1945 and 1986. An unexpected increase of 30 per hour came in 1973.

A purple-dark sky above a mountainous crag and bushes, with a single long streaking meteor in the sky.
Ursid fireball! A fireball is just a very bright meteor. Eliot Herman in Tucson, Arizona, caught this one on December 18, 2016. Thank you, Eliot!

Best for the Northern Hemisphere

By the way, the radiant point for the Ursids is just too far north on the sky’s dome to be easily visible from the Southern Hemisphere’s temperate latitudes. The star Kochab – near the Ursids’ radiant point – can’t be seen from there. In other words, for temperate latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, the radiant stays below the horizon. Since the meteors radiate out in all directions from the radiant point, from those in southerly latitudes, half the meteors or more will never make it above your horizon.

So, from the Southern Hemisphere, you might see a few Ursids come streaking up from your northern horizon around the time the shower peaks. Or you might not see any meteors at all.

Bottom line: If you want to watch the Ursids peak on the morning of December 22, 2024, find a country location where you can camp out. Dress warmly! And plan to spend several hours reclining under a starry sky and remember to block out the light of the last quarter moon. The predawn hours are usually the most favorable.

**Predicted peak times and dates for 2024 meteor showers are from the American Meteor Society. Note that meteor shower peak times can vary.

EarthSky’s meteor guide for 2024

Meteor showers: Tips for watching the show

Posted 
December 20, 2024
 in 
Astronomy Essentials

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