New insight into how dogs see their world through smell

• Dogs see their world through smell. A dog’s nose has almost twice as many scent receptors as a human.
• New tools are helping researchers view activity in dogs’ brains as they smell certain items. It helps them see how the dogs respond to each scent.
• The study suggests there could be an emotional component to how dogs sense their environment. And this could better inform trainers of dogs involved in scent detection.

By Jacqueline Boyd, Nottingham Trent University

Insight into how dogs see their world through smell

Scent is how dogs largely experience the world, a lot like the way we humans rely on sight. We know little about how dogs interpret scent. But thanks to a study published March 11, 2025, we may be getting closer to understanding what a dog’s nose actually knows.

Dogs are primed to detect smells. The average dog’s nose has more than 10 million scent receptors in their nose. Compare that to humans, who only have about 6 million.

This makes the canine nose more than 10,000 times better at detecting scents than we are. They can detect minute quantities of scent. For example, forensic detection dogs can detect 0.01 microliters of gasoline. A microliter is one millionth of a liter.

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Putting a dog’s nose to work

Humans have exploited dogs’ olfactory superpowers in a number of ways. And this has no doubt contributed to the deep relationship we have developed with our canine companions over 40,000 years of living together.

Dogs still join us as hunting partners, sniffing out food. They work beside us as vital members of crime-fighting teams, finding illicit substances and as medical colleagues for disease detection. They’re even partners in conservation efforts, finding rare and endangered species.

Despite the widespread involvement of dogs as natural scent detectors, we remain largely oblivious as to how dogs interpret what they smell and how they perceive the world in which they live.

Studying what dogs experience

Exploring the brain activity of dogs when they are exposed to specific smells can help identify which of their brain regions are associated with scent detection. This helps scientists understand what the dog is experiencing. And that might help us enhance the selection and training of sniffer dogs.

Until now, scientists needed expensive equipment to study dogs’ brains and research methods that required dogs to stay still. This means we know less about the brains of active working dogs who might struggle to remain motionless for long periods.

But we can’t simply apply the data from dogs who can cope with sitting still. That’s because dog breeds have differences in their training and scenting skills.

Sensing scents

The recent study I mentioned at the beginning of this article uses a new, cheap and non-invasive method to explore how the canine brain responds to scent. The researchers think this method – known as AI speckle pattern analysis – will help us identify how dog brains react to scents and what it means for how dogs perceive and respond to the world around them in future research, too.

The researchers developed an optical sensor to target three brain areas involved in canine scent discrimination: the amygdala, olfactory bulb and hippocampus. The amygdala is responsible for emotional responses to stimuli.

The olfactory bulb is involved with odor processing and the hippocampus is associated with memory formation.

The equipment the researchers used in the study consisted of a high resolution digital camera linked to a computer, plus a green laser. Researchers shone laser light – capable of penetrating dog fur and skull bone – on the heads of four relaxed, blindfolded study dogs. Those dogs were then exposed to four different scents: alcohol, marijuana, menthol and garlic. These substances all appear to evoke similar olfactory responses in dogs.

As the laser light reflected from the three brain areas, the camera detected interference as a distinct “speckle” pattern. The camera made recordings for five seconds, repeated four times for each scent.

AI analyzed differences in the speckle patterns from the different brain regions to create models of how the brain regions of the dogs responded to each scent.

It’s not just sniffing

The study results highlighted the importance of the amygdala for canine scent discrimination. This suggests there could be an emotional component to how dogs sense their environment. Scientists already know taste and odor detection are linked to memory formation and emotional state in humans.

Because dogs appear to experience emotional responses to scents, training methods and experiences might need to take this into consideration. For example, dogs often link the characteristic aroma of the veterinary surgery with less-than-fun situations.

Dogs in training for scent detection would also probably benefit from being in a positive emotional state when they are exposed to training odors.

This research could even pave the way to developing specialized equipment for detecting and translating the olfactory responses of dogs. Mobile equipment that works rapidly could allow us to interpret what dogs’ noses are telling them in real time.

AI might translate for dogs

This isn’t as far-fetched as it may sound. If you’ve seen the Disney movie Up, you probably remember Dug the dog who wore a bark translation collar. Well, scientists have developed a real collar that claims to tell you what your dog’s vocalizations mean.

It’s difficult to say how accurate it is without analyzing the data the collar’s AI was trained on, but the database is growing as more dogs use the collars. If the collars do prove accurate, it might not be too long before wearable technology can tell us exactly what our dogs are saying and smelling.

Jacqueline Boyd, Senior Lecturer in Animal Science, Nottingham Trent University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Bottom line: Researchers are developing new tools to help study what dogs experience. These insights can better inform trainers of dogs involved in scent detection.

Read more: How do dogs process words?