Astronomy Essentials

2025 Quadrantid meteor shower to peak January 2-3

Quadrantid meteor shower: Sky chart showing arrows radiating out from a point south of Big Dipper, near star labeled Arcturus.
The radiant point for the Quadrantid meteor shower is far to the north in Earth’s sky, so the shower is best seen from Earth’s Northern Hemisphere. From mid-northern latitudes, the radiant point for the Quadrantid meteor shower climbs over the horizon after midnight and is highest in the sky before dawn.

The Quadrantid meteor shower is one of a few each year with a narrow peak, in this case lasting only about 6 hours.

When to watch: The best night for the 2025 Quadrantids is January 2-3. (The predicted peak** is 19 UTC on January 3).
Nearest moon phase: A first quarter moon will come at 23:56 UTC on January 6, 2025 (CST) so the moon will be a waxing crescent and set late on January 2 and not interfere with the Quadrantid meteors.
Radiant: Rises in the north-northeast after midnight and is highest up before dawn. The radiant point for the Quadrantids is in a now-obsolete constellation, Quadrans Muralis the Mural Quadrant. Nowadays, we see the radiant near the famous Big Dipper asterism. Because the Quadrantid radiant is far to the north on the sky’s dome, this is mostly a far-northern shower, not as good for the Southern Hemisphere.
Expected meteors at peak, under ideal conditions: Under a dark sky with no moon, when the radiant is high in the sky, the Quadrantids can (briefly) produce over 100 meteors per hour.
Duration of shower: The Quadrantid meteor shower runs from mid-November through mid-January each year, according to this 2017 article in the journal Icarus. You might see a Quadrantid streak by any time during that interval. But most activity is centered on the peak.
Note: The Quadrantid shower is one of four major meteor showers each year with a sharp peak (the other three are the Lyrids, Leonids, and Ursids).

Report a fireball (very bright meteor) to the American Meteor Society: it’s fun and easy!

Quadrantids’ parent object(s)

From the late, great Don Machholz (1952-2022), who discovered 12 comets …

For many years, the parent comet for the Quadrantids remained unknown. That’s because astronomers were looking for an object whose orbit matched the orbit of the Quadrantids’ meteor stream. Other meteor showers do have parent objects whose orbits match their meteor streams. 

But the Quadrantids’ parent object – or objects – are different. There are currently at least two related objects associated with Quadrantid meteors. Neither presently comes anywhere near Earth’s orbit. But both seem to be responsible for these early January meteors.

The chief object that spawns the Quadrantids is an asteroid named 2003 EH1. It’s believed to be a dormant or extinct comet. The Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS) based near Flagstaff, Arizona, found asteroid 2003 EH1 on March 6, 2003. The asteroid takes 5.5 years to orbit the sun. Its closest point to the sun (perihelion) is 1.2 astronomical units (AU). One AU is the distance between the Earth and the sun. 

In past centuries, 2003 EH1 must have passed much closer to the Earth’s orbit. Now, though, this asteroid stays well outside Earth’s orbit. Yet particles ejected from this asteroid do intersect Earth’s orbit, to produce the Quadrantids’ narrow peak. 

And astronomers now say there is also a second, related object that also contributes to this meteor shower. The second object – Comet 96P/Machholz – produces a less intense and shallower peak. The material we see streaking across the sky left this comet centuries ago. Its perihelion distance is 0.12 AU, and it orbits the sun every 5.3 years. It was back near the Earth in late January 2023.

Another object might be involved

What’s the story on these two parent objects for the Quadrantids? The latest theory is that a large comet was captured by our sun and settled into a short-period orbit in about 2,000 BCE. This comet supplied meteors to the inner solar system and then it broke apart sometime between 100 CE and 950 CE. This breakup produced the Machholz Complex. In other words, there are multiple resultant offspring of this great comet. They are Comet 96P/Machholz, the Marsden Comet Group, the Kracht Comet Group, asteroid 2003 EH1, and eight meteor showers. The group is named the Machholz Complex after the main object, 96P/Machholz.

A comet that was seen more than 500 years ago, C/1490 Y1, might be involved, too. The orbit calculated for this comet comes from rough positions calculated for the comet’s predicted return, which should be every few years. But we have not seen this comet again. One study suggests it approached too close to the planet Jupiter. So it might have been thrown out of the solar system. That might be why we haven’t seen it since 1490. Or, the comet might have split up prior to its next return, producing the Machholz Complex.

This is not the final word about the parent objects of the Quadrantid meteor shower. Research continues among orbit calculators to better understand the transition of material from the surface of these objects to our Earth’s atmosphere every January. A new paper comes out nearly every year on the subject. That is how science works.

Regardless of their origins, the Quadrantid meteor shower is a fine way to start a new year.

Diagram of solar system planet orbits with long oval comet orbit shown.
Astronomer Peter Jenniskens proposed in 2003 that this object, 2003 EH1, is the parent body of the Quadrantid meteor shower. Image via NASA/ Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

The Quadrantid meteor shower radiant point

The radiant point of the Quadrantid shower makes an approximate right angle with the Big Dipper and the bright star Arcturus. If you trace the paths of the Quadrantid meteors backward, they appear to radiate from this point on the starry sky. See chart at the top of this page.

Now for our usual caveat. You don’t need to find the meteor shower radiant to see the Quadrantid meteors.

You need to be at mid-northern or far-northern latitudes, up in the wee hours of the morning, and hope the peak comes at just the right time to your part of the world.

The meteors will radiate from the northern sky but appear in all parts of the sky.

Constellation Quadrans Muralis?

Most meteor showers get their name from the constellations from which they appear to radiate. So it is with the Quadrantids. But the Quadrantids’ constellation no longer exists, except in memory. The name Quadrantid comes from the constellation Quadrans Muralis (Mural Quadrant). French astronomer Jerome Lalande created this constellation in 1795. This now-obsolete constellation was between the constellations of Boötes the Herdsman and Draco the Dragon. What happened to it? Where’d it go?

To understand the history of the Quadrantids’ name, we go back to the earliest observations of this meteor shower. In early January 1825, Antonio Brucalassi in Italy reported that:

… the atmosphere was traversed by a multitude of the luminous bodies known by the name of falling stars.

They appeared to radiate from Quadrans Muralis. In 1839, two men, Adolphe Quetelet of Brussels Observatory in Belgium and Edward C. Herrick in Connecticut, independently suggested the Quadrantids as an annual shower.

Then, in 1922, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) created a list of the 88 modern constellations. And it did not include Quadrans Muralis. Hardly anyone would remember this old constellation, if not for the Quadrantid meteor shower.

Antique etching of a triangular sextant-like instrument on a star field.
The now-defunct constellation Quadrans Muralis the Mural Quadrant, for which the Quadrantids take their name. Image via Urania’s Mirror/ Wikipedia (public domain).

Quadrantid shower favors the Northern Hemisphere, but …

The Quadrantids favor the Northern Hemisphere because their radiant is so far north on the sky’s dome. If you’re in the Southern Hemisphere, you might be tempted to resign yourself to the months-long meteor drought that kicks off every year and ends in April with the Lyrids.

But, once in a while, we do hear from Southern Hemisphere dwellers who’ve seen a few Quadrantids!

Quadrantid meteor shower photos from the EarthSky community

A thin, bright line in a dark blue sky - and a 2nd streak, above it - with overexposed moon peeking over house roof.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Kathie O’Donnell in Rapid City, South Dakota, caught this meteor (below) and the International Space Station (above) on January 3, the peak morning of 2021’s Quadrantid meteor shower, despite a bright waning gibbous moon in the sky. She wrote: “Observed at least 35 meteors from 4 a.m. (MT) to 6:30 a.m. This meteor arrived just as the ISS passed overhead!” See how the meteor (below) starts out faint, then gets brighter as it barrels through Earth’s atmosphere, vaporizing as it falls? The ISS (above), on the other hand, has a relatively steady brightness. Thanks, Kathie!
Grayish background with many stars and two short, thin horizontal streaks of light.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Filipp Romanov in Yuzhno-Morskoy, Russia, captured this photo of Quadrantid meteors under a moonlit sky – hence the faint meteors – on January 3, 2021. He wrote: “On the night of January 3-4, 2021, I observed the Quadrantid meteor shower in my small homeland. From 13:21 to 14:22 UTC (Jan 3), I did not see a single meteor, but from 14:22 to 15:29 UTC, the activity increased rapidly: During this time, I saw 9 meteors of this shower in a clear sky illuminated only by the moon. There are 3 meteors in the camera frame: From 14:29 to 15:09 UTC, I combined these 3 photos into one.” Thank you, Filipp!

Bottom line: The Quadrantid meteor shower in 2025 will peak late night on January 2 through dawn on January 3, in a moon-free sky. This shower has a narrow peak, lasting only hours.

**Peak times for meteor showers provided by Robert Lunsford of the American Meteor Society. Note that meteor shower predicted peaks may vary.

Meteor showers: Tips for watching the show

Posted 
January 2, 2025
 in 
Astronomy Essentials

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