Personality is determined by Bird’s head color

UK researchers have shown that highly sociable Australian birds, called Gouldian finches, have a different personality according to the color of their heads.

The team, led by Leah Williams and Dr. Claudia Mettke-Hofmann from Liverpool John Moores University, found that red-headed birds have aggressive tendencies, while those with black heads are bold and take more risks than their peers.

This is only the second time researchers have demonstrated such a strong link between personality and color. The only other study showed that dark, male Hermann’s tortoises are both more aggressive and bolder than paler males.

Williams studied the birds as part of her PhD project. She said:

We think that head color is used as a signal of personality to other birds in the flock, so they know who to associate with.

Scientists first noticed a link between animals’ different colors and various aspects of their behavior such as aggression, sexual behavior and predator-avoidance tactics in the early 90s. Red, for example, has long been associated with aggression in cichlids, other birds, reptiles, primates and even us.

But individual behaviors like aggression can only be called personality if repeatable over long periods of time. Williams said:

Earlier studies didn’t look to see if these behaviors are aspects of these animals’ personalities, because they didn’t repeat them multiple times.

So Williams and animal personality expert Mettke-Hofmann teamed up with Dr. Andrew King from The Royal Veterinary College to find out if color defines personality in the endangered Gouldian finch. Williams explained:

We decided to look at these finches, because an Australian study had revealed that the red-headed ones are more aggressive, with red-heads dominant over black-headed finches.

Gouldian finches have extremely colorful plumage with either red, black, or – rarely – yellow-colored heads. They live in open, subtropical woodland, where they nest in loose colonies, feeding mainly on grass seeds.

Williams, King and Mettke-Hofmann decided to measure three aspects of personality – aggression, boldness and risk-taking – in the finches.

They tested the birds’ tendency to investigate an unfamiliar object, in this case, bundles of string dangling from a perch, to find out how bold they were. To test for risk-taking behavior, they presented both kinds of birds with a cardboard cut-out silhouette of a typical predator like a hawk.

For aggression, they put a feeder out for two hungry birds, with room for just one bird to eat. They wanted to see which birds would demonstrate aggressive behavior to get at the food on offer.

They found that red-headed birds are quicker to displace each other, or display threatening behavior with an open beak than the black-headed finches are, exhibiting a fiery personality.

And they also found that birds with black heads returned to feeders after being shown the hawk silhouette much sooner than red-headed birds did, revealing a risk-taking personality. Black-headed birds were also more likely to approach and touch the string before a red-headed finch would. King said:

We think that having head color reflect personality means birds can more easily choose who to associate with, and who to avoid in large flocks.

The researchers say their findings may explain differences in colors. Mettke-Hofmann said:

Color is clearly related to behavior. Different colors may mean each bird uses different behavioral tactics.

Williams said:

The next step is to find out which birds associate with which. Do reds hang out with reds or blacks and do they do better for that?

In an earlier study, black-headed Gouldian finches assumed that yellow-headed birds whose heads had been artificially colored red were more aggressive, so actively avoided them.

The study was funded by the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).

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